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• avinatrading trader of petroleum products.Petroleum diesel, also called petro diesel or fossil diesel is themost common type of dieselfuel. It is produced from the fractional distillation of crudeoilbetween 200 °C (392 °F) and350 °C (662 °F) at atmospheric, resulting in a mixture of carbonchains that typically containbetween 8 and 21 carbonatoms per molecule.Synthetic dieselSynthetic diesel can be produced from any carbonaceous material,including biomass, biogas,natural gas, coal and many others. The raw material is gasifiedinto synthesis gas, which afterpurification is converted by the FischerTropsch process to asynthetic diesel.[9]The process is typically referred to as biomass-to-liquid (BTL),gas-to-liquid (GTL) or coal-toliquid(CTL), depending on the raw material used.Paraffinic synthetic diesel generally has a near-zero content ofsulfur and very low aromaticscontent, reducing unregulated emissions of toxic hydrocarbons,nitrous oxides and particulatematter (PM).BiodieselBiodiesel made from soybean oilFatty-acid methyl ester (FAME), more widely known as biodiesel, isobtained from vegetableoil or animal fats (biolipids) which have been transesterified withmethanol. It can be producedfrom many types of oils, the most common being rapeseed oil(rapeseed methyl ester, RME) inEurope and soybean oil (soy methyl ester, SME) in the USA. Methanolcan also be replaced withethanol for the transesterification process, which results in theproduction of ethyl esters. Thetransesterification processes use catalysts, such as sodium orpotassium hydroxide, to convertvegetable oil and methanol into FAME and the undesirable byproductsglycerin and water, whichwill need to be removed from the fuel along with methanol traces.FAME can be used pure(B100) in engines where the manufacturer approves such use, but itis more often used as a mixwith diesel, BXX where XX is the biodiesel content in percent. FAMEas a fuel is regulatedunder DIN EN 14214 and ASTM D6751]FAME has a lower energy content than diesel due to its oxygencontent, and as a result,performance and fuel consumption can be affected. It also can havehigher levels of NOxemissions, possibly even exceeding the legal limit. FAME also haslower oxidation stability than diesel, and it offers favorableconditions for bacterial growth, so applications which have alowfuel turnover should not use FAME. The loss in power when usingpure biodiesel is 5 to 7%.Fuel equipment manufacturers (FIE) have raised several concernsregarding FAME fuels: freemethanol, dissolved and free water, free glycerin, mono anddiglycerides, free fatty acids, totalsolid impurity levels, alkaline metal compounds in solution andoxidation and thermal stability.They have also identified FAME as being the cause of the followingproblems: corrosion of fuelinjection components, low-pressure fuel system blockage, increaseddilutionand polymerization of engine sump oil, pump seizures due to highfuel viscosity at lowtemperature, increased injection pressure, elastomeric sealfailures and fuel injector sprayblockage.Unsaturated fatty acids are the source for the lower oxidationstability; they react with oxygenand form peroxides and result in degradation byproducts, which cancause sludge and lacquer inthe fuel system.As FAME contains low levels of sulfur, the emissions of sulfuroxides and sulfates, majorcomponents of acid rain, are low. Use of biodiesel also results inreductions of unburnedhydrocarbons, carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter. COemissions using biodiesel aresubstantially reduced, on the order of 50% compared to most petrodiesel fuels. The exhaustemissions of particulate matter from biodiesel have been found tobe 30 percent lower thanoverall particulate matter emissions from petro diesel. The exhaustemissions of totalhydrocarbons (a contributing factor in the localized formation ofsmog and ozone) are up to 93percent lower for biodiesel than diesel fuel.Biodiesel also may reduce health risks associated with petroleumdiesel. Biodiesel emissionsshowed decreased levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)and nitrated PAHcompounds, which have been identified as potential cancer-causingcompounds. In recenttesting, PAH compounds were reduced by 75 to 85 percent, except forbenz(a)anthracene, whichwas reduced by roughly 50 percent. Targeted nPAH compounds werealso reduced dramaticallywith biodiesel fuel, with 2-nitrofluorene and 1-nitropyrene reducedby 90 percent, and the rest ofthe nPAH compounds reduced to only trace levels.3.3 Hydrogenated oils and fatsThis category of diesel fuels involves converting the triglyceridesin vegetable oil and animal fatsinto alkenes by refining and hydrogenation, such as H-Bio. Theproduced fuel has manyproperties that are similar to synthetic diesel, and are free fromthe many disadvantages ofFAME.3.4 DMEDimethyl ether, DME, is a synthetic, gaseous diesel fuel thatresults in clean combustion withvery little soot and reduced NOx emissions.3.5 StorageIn the US, diesel is recommended to be stored in a yellow containerto differentiate it fromkerosene and gasoline, which are typically kept in blue and redcontainers, respectively. In theUK, diesel is normally stored in a black container, todifferentiate it from unleaded petrol (whichis commonly stored in a green container) and leaded petrol (whichis stored in a red container).